MAGNETIC FIELD ANOMALIES ASSOCIATED WITH GEOSPACE DISTURBANCES OVER PAKISTAN: OBSERVATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Abstract

Geospace disturbances, particularly geomagnetic storms and substorms, induce significant magnetic field anomalies detectable at ground-based observatories. This study investigates such magnetic field variations over Pakistan during key geospace events from 2010 to 2023. Using magnetometer data from SUPARCO and collaborating universities, we identify anomaly signatures, correlate them with solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices (Dst, AE, Kp), and evaluate their spatial distribution across different latitudes in Pakistan. Our findings highlight enhanced westward electrojet currents and field depressions during main storm phases, particularly near Karachi and Islamabad. These results emphasize the importance of ground-based monitoring and regional modeling for space weather mitigation in Pakistan.