RESPONSE OF THE IONOSPHERE TO SOLAR FLARES: A MULTI-INSTRUMENT ANALYSIS

Abstract

Solar flares are one of the most intense drivers of ionospheric disturbances due to the sudden increase in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray radiation. This study presents a comprehensive multi-instrument analysis of ionospheric responses to solar flare events observed between 2010 and 2023 over Pakistan. Using data from GNSS receivers, ionosondes, and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard SDO, we quantify variations in the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC), critical frequency (foF2), and GPS signal disruptions. Results reveal a rapid ionospheric response within 5–10 minutes of flare onset, with peak enhancements during X-class events. Comparisons between low-latitude (Karachi) and mid-latitude (Gilgit) sites indicate latitudinal dependence in response amplitude and duration. This study highlights the importance of integrating space-based and ground-based systems for real-time space weather monitoring and forecasting.