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DIURNAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT OVER PAKISTAN

Authors

  • Dr. Maria Khalid

    Department of Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
    Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71465/jgs6

Keywords:

Total Electron Content (TEC), Diurnal Variation, Seasonal Trends, GNSS-based Ionospheric Monitoring

Abstract

Total Electron Content (TEC) is a vital parameter in ionospheric studies, affecting satellite-based navigation and communication systems. This study examines the diurnal and seasonal variability of TEC over Pakistan using data from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM) from 2018 to 2023. Observations from Karachi, Islamabad, and Quetta reveal significant diurnal TEC peaks during post-noon hours and distinctive seasonal differences with maxima in equinox months. The results underscore the influence of solar activity, geomagnetic conditions, and atmospheric tides. This analysis aids in improving the accuracy of ionospheric models and mitigating GNSS signal delays in the region.

References

Ahmed, S., & Sohail, N. (n.d.). *Sustainable global supply chain: A systematic literature review* [Unpublished manuscript]. Institute of Business Administration Karachi and International Islamic University Malaysia.

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Published

2021-06-04

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): Journal of geospace science

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Dr. Maria Khalid (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

All articles published in the Journal of Geospace Science (JOGSS) are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows others to share, copy, distribute, and adapt the work, provided proper attribution is given to the original author(s) and source.