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DIURNAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF TOTAL ELECTRON CONTENT OVER PAKISTAN: OBSERVATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL INSIGHTS

Authors

  • Engr. Syed Owais Haider

    Department of Electrical Engineering, NUST College of EME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
    Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71465/jgs7

Keywords:

Total Electron Content (TEC), Ionosphere, Diurnal Variation, Seasonal Patterns

Abstract

This study investigates the diurnal and seasonal variations of Total Electron Content (TEC) over various locations in Pakistan using GNSS-based ionospheric observations from 2015 to 2023. TEC, a critical parameter in ionospheric studies and satellite communication, exhibits dynamic behavior influenced by solar radiation, geomagnetic activity, and atmospheric tides. Our analysis focuses on TEC measurements from Islamabad, Karachi, and Quetta to reveal temporal patterns and highlight latitudinal differences. Significant diurnal variations, with peaks around noon and early evening, and pronounced seasonal variations during equinoxes are observed. The findings provide valuable inputs for regional space weather modeling and GNSS signal correction.

References

Ahmed, S., & Sohail, N. (n.d.). *Sustainable global supply chain: A systematic literature review* [Unpublished manuscript]. Institute of Business Administration Karachi and International Islamic University Malaysia.

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Published

2025-06-21

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): Journal of geospace science

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Engr. Syed Owais Haider (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

All articles published in the Journal of Geospace Science (JOGSS) are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows others to share, copy, distribute, and adapt the work, provided proper attribution is given to the original author(s) and source.